optional: ¼ cup powdered sugar

Powdered sugar, also known as confectioners' sugar or icing sugar, is a finely ground form of refined white sugar combined with a small amount of cornstarch (typically 3-5%) to prevent caking and clumping. The sugar crystals are pulverized to an extremely fine powder, creating a product with a texture similar to flour. This ingredient originated from early confectionery practices but became standardized during the industrial revolution with the advent of modern milling technology. Powdered sugar dissolves rapidly and has a smooth mouthfeel, making it ideal for applications requiring a silky finish without perceptible crystals.

Powdered sugar is the primary ingredient in icings, frostings, and glazes used for cakes, cookies, and pastries. It is commonly dusted over baked goods such as donuts and French toast for decoration and texture. In confectionery work, it forms the base of royal icing, fondant, and buttercreams. The ingredient is also used to sweeten whipped cream, create smooth pie fillings, and prepare candied garnishes. Its fine texture and quick-dissolving properties make it essential in professional and home baking where a refined finish is desired.